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00.057.0.01.001. Potato virus Y

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.057.0.01.001. Potato virus Y. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Isolate Description

Location: the United Kingdom.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Solanum tuberosum.

Natural host and symptoms
Solanum tuberosum — mild to severe leaf mottling, or streak or 'leaf-drop streak' with vein necrosis (‘stipple-streak') (Beemster and Rozendaal, 1972).

Capsicum ssp. — mild leaf mottling, but severe in complex with other viruses.

Nicotiana ssp. — mild mottle or veinal necrosis.

Lycopersicon esculentum — mild leaf mottling but severe in mixed infections (Edwardson, 1974a).

The differences between the primary and secondary symptoms induced by potato virus Y are often uncertain because of the diversity of potato cultivars and virus strains, and effect of climatic conditions (de Bokx and Pirone, 1977).

Reference to Isolation Report
Smith (1931).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.057.0.01.001. Virus accession number: 57001001. Obsolete virus code: 57.0.1.0.058; superceded accession number: 57010051.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12216.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): brinjal mosaic virus (Sastry, 1982; Varma, 1988), datura 437 virus, potato acropetal necrosis virus, potato severe mosaic virus, tobacco vein-banding virus (Fang et al., 1985). ICTV approved acronym: PVY. Virus is the type species. Virus is of the genus 00.057.0.01. Potyvirus in the family 00.057. Potyviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid/nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry. Virus preparations contain one particle component. The capsid is filamentous, flexuous with a clear modal length with a length of 684 nm (from purified preparations (Delgado-Sanchez and Grogan, 1966)), or 730 nm and a width of 11 nm. Axial canal is indistinct; 2-3 nm in diameter. Basic helix is obscure. Pitch of helix is 3.3 nm (Varma et al., 1968).

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Damirdagh and Shepherd (1970, Huttinga (1973, McDonald et al. (1976, Moghal and Francki (1976, Leiser and Richter (1978).

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.323 g cm^-3 (strain Y^o), or 1.326 g cm^-3 (strain Y^N (Huttinga, 1975)). There are 1 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is 145 S_20w (Huttinga, 1975). A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratio is 2.3 (corrected for light-scattering (Leiser and Richter, 1978)), or 2.9 (uncorrected (Stace-Smith and Tremaine, 1970; Leiser and Richter, 1978)). The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 50-62°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 7-50 days. Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 2-6. The infectivity is not changed by treatment with ether; retained when deproteinized with phenol or detergent.

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes 5.4-6.4% of the virion by weight (Stace-Smith and Tremaine, 1970; Leiser and Richter, 1978). The genome is monopartite, only one particle size is recovered of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are not found in virions. The complete genome is 10400 nucleotides long. is fully and partially sequenced, complete sequence is 10400 nucleotides long (Makkouk and Gumpf, 1974; Hinostroza-Orihuela, 1975). Sequence has the accession number

[A08776] Em(40)_vi:A08776 Gb(84)_pat:A08776 Potato virus Y complete genome RNA. 11/93 9,705bp.
[D00441] Em(40)_vi:PVY Gb(84)_vi:PVYAAA Potato virus Y (N strain) genomic RNA, complete. 1/94 9,704bp
[D00488] Em(40)_vi:PVY5E1 Gb(84)_vi:PVYE1 Potato virus Y (PVY) genome, 5' end. 3/91 173bp.
[D00489] Em(40)_vi:PVY3E2 Gb(84)_vi:PVYE2 Potato virus Y (PVY) genome, 3' end. 3/91 276bp.
[D12539] Em(40)_vi:PVYOCRNA Gb(84)_vi:PVYOCRNA Potato virus Y genome, 3' half sequence. 9/92 4,998bp.
[D12570] Em(40)_vi:PVYCP Gb(84)_vi:PVYCP Potato virus Y (PVY-T) coat protein gene. 10/92 1,268bp
[M22470] Em(40)_vi:PVYCPA Gb(84)_vi:PVYCPA Potato virus Y coat protein gene, 3' end. 7/90 1,122bp.
[M37180] Em(40)_vi:PVYHEL01 Gb(84)_vi:PVYHELCOA Potato virus Y helper component mRNA, 5' end. 9/90 2,753bp.
[M38377] Em(40)_vi:PVYHELCO Gb(84)_vi:PVYHELCO Potato virus Y helper component mRNA, 5' end. 9/90 2,748bp.
[M81435] Em(40)_vi:PVYPOLYPR Gb(84)_vi:PVYPOLYPR Potato virus Y polyprotein mRNA, 3' end. 12/91 1,227bp.
[M95491] Em(40)_vi:PVYPOLYP Gb(84)_vi:PVYPOLYP Potato virus Y polyprotein gene, complete cds. 5/93 9,703bp
[S51663] Em(40)_un:S51663 Gb(84)_vi:S51663 cytoplasmic inclusion protein potato virus Y PVY, ordinary strain PVY-O, Genomic RNA, 1902 n
[S51664] Em(40)_un:S51664 Gb(84)_vi:S51664 cytoplasmic inclusion protein potato virus Y PVY, necrotic strain PVY-T13, Genomic RNA, 1902
[S63507] Em(40)_vi:S63507 Gb(84)_vi:S63507 polyprotein precursor (5'region) potato virus Y PVY, mRNA Partial, 360 nt. 12/93 360bp.

[S70722] Gb(84)n:S70722 NIb=nuclear inclusion b potato virus Y PVY, O, Genomic RNA, 1560 nt. 9/94 1,560bp.
[U06789] Em(40)_vi:PV06789 Gb(84)_vi:PVU06789 Potato virus Y-VN genome, 3' untranslated region. 3/94 2,541bp.
[U09508] Em(40)_vi:PV09508 Gb(84)_vi:PVU09508 Potato virus Y necrotic strain polyprotein (NIa, NIb, capsid protein) gene, partial cds. 5/94
[U10378] Gb(84)_vi:PVU10378 Potato virus Y capsid protein mRNA, partial cds. 6/94 1,231bp.
[X12456] Em(40)_vi:PVYNXX Gb(84)_vi:PVYNXX Potatovirus Y strain N genomic RNA. 1/94 9,704bp.
[X14136] Em(40)_vi:PVYCOAT Gb(84)_vi:PVYCOAT Potato virus Y (PVY) mRNA for viral coat protein. 9/93 1,182bp
[X54058] Em(40)_vi:POCP3 Gb(84)_vi:POCP3 Potato virus Y gene for coat protein, 3' end. 1/91 985bp.
[X54611] Em(40)_vi:PVYCOATP Gb(84)_vi:PVYCOATP Potato virus Y RNA for coat protein. 1/92 801bp.
[X54636] Em(40)_vi:PVYCAPSI Gb(84)_vi:PVYCAPSI Potato virus RNA for capsid protein and virus-specific polymerase (putative nuclear inclusion
[X68221] Em(40)_vi:PVYCAPA Gb(84)_vi:PVYCAPA Potato Virus Y (Chilean) genomic RNA of Capsid protein cistron. 9/93 804bp.
[X68222] Em(40)_vi:PVYCAPB Gb(84)_vi:PVYCAPB Potato Virus Y (Potato US) genomic RNA of Capsid protein cistron. 9/93 804bp.
[X68223] Em(40)_vi:PVYCAPC Gb(84)_vi:PVYCAPC Potato Virus Y (Europe- H) genomic RNA of Capsid protein cistron. 9/93 804bp.
[X68224] Em(40)_vi:PVYCAPD Gb(84)_vi:PVYCAPD Potato Virus Y (NsNr) genomic RNA of Capsid protein cistron. 9/93 804bp.
[X68225] Em(40)_vi:PVYCAPE Gb(84)_vi:PVYCAPE Potato Virus Y (MsNr) genomic RNA of Capsid protein cistron. 9/93 804bp.
[X68226] Em(40)_vi:PVYCAPF Gb(84)_vi:PVYCAPF Potato Virus Y (O) genomic RNA of Capsid protein cistron. 9/93 804bp.
[Z29526] Em(40)_vi:PVYCI6K2 Gb(84)_vi:PVYCI6K2 Potato virus Y (strain O) CI, 6K2, VPg, NIa-Pro, NIa gene. 1/94 1,784bp.
[D17386] Em(43)_vi:Pvyia Gb(89)_vi:Pvyia Potato virus Y immunoglobulin gene for monoclonal antibody and L chain. 3/95 927bp.
[D17387] Em(43)_vi:Pvyib Gb(89)_vi:Pvyib Potato virus Y immunoglobulin gene for monoclonal antibody and H chain. 3/95 1,488bp.
[S74810] Gb(89)_un:S74810 CP=coat protein (potato virus Y, PVY-36, Genomic RNA, 804 nt). 5/95 804bp.
[S74813] Gb(89)_un:S74813 CP=coat protein (potato virus Y, PVY-T13, Genomic RNA, 804 nt). 5/95 804bp.
[U09509] Em(43)_vi:Pv09509 Gb(89)_vi:Pvu09509 Potato virus Y common strain polyprotein (NIb and capsid protein) gene, partial cds. 12/94 2,
[U25672] Gb(89)n:Pvu25672 Potato virus Y coat protein gene, complete cds. 6/95 821bp.
[X79305] Em(43)_vi:Pvygcp Gb(89)_vi:Pvygcp Potato Virus Y genomic sequence for coat protein. 1/95 801bp.
[X82848] Em(43)_vi:Pvyp1 Gb(89)_vi:Pvyp1 Potato virus Y P1 gene. 5/95 828bp

[Z50041] Em(44)n:Pvydna1 Gb(90)_vi:Pvydna1 Potato virus Y DNA for helper component gene (isolate PVY-1). 7/95 1,443bp.
[Z50042] Em(44)n:Pvydna0 Gb(90)_vi:Pvydna0 Potato virus Y DNA for helper component gene (isolate PVY-0). 7/95 1,443bp.
[Z50043] Em(44)n:Pvydnaona Gb(90)_vi:Pvydnaona Potato virus Y DNA for helper component gene (isolate PVY-ONAT). 7/95 1,443bp. The 5'-end of the genome has a genome-linked protein (VPg). The 3'-terminus has a poly (A) tract. The genome has an intergenic poly (A) region at at 3' end, but not essential for infectivity.

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

Proteins constitute about 93.6-94.6% of the particle weight.

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s).

Structural Proteins: Reference to method of preparation: Hiebert and McDonald (1973, Huttinga and Mosch (1974, Moghal and Francki (1976).

Reference to amino acid sequence or composition Stace-Smith and Tremaine (1970, Miki and Oshima (1972, Makkouk and Gumpf (1975, Moghal and Francki (1976).

Non-Structural Proteins: Virus-coded non-structural proteins have been isolated (Hiebert and McDonald (1973)) and 1 non-structural protein is found.

Lipids

Lipids are not reported.

Antigenicity

The virus is serologically related to tobacco etch, henbane mosaic, potato A, pepper veinal mottle and bidens mottle viruses, but distantly (Bartels, 1964; Brunt et al., 1978; Purcifull, 1976).

Diagnostics and Reference Collections

The best tests for diagnosis are Tinantia erecta is immune to potato aucuba mosaic, potato M and S viruses and hence may be used to separate potato Y virus from these viruses (Horváth, 1979). most strains of potato virus Y induce no local lesions in Solanum demissum 'A', which gives necrotic local lesions with potato virus A (Cockerham, 1958). Potato cultivars resistant to potato X virus (e.g. cv. Saco), can be used to separate potato Y virus from potato X virus. Detached leaves of Solanum demissum x S. tuberosum 'A6' are commonly used to detect potato Y virus, but this host does not distinguish between several viruses which infect it (Bartels, 1970).

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms).

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms persist.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting.

Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; Myzus persicae is the most efficient vector; others are Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Myzus (Nectarosiphon) certus, Myzus (Phorodon) humuli and Rhopalosiphum insertum (Kennedy et al., 1962; Van Hoof, 1980). Virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner; does not require a helper virus for vector transmission and can facilitate the vector transmission of another virus (potato aucuba mosaic virus).

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in several families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Chenopodiaceae, Commelinaceae, Solanaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium quinoa, Lycium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana tabacum, Physalis floridana, Solanum chacoense, Solanum demissum, Solanum demissum x S. tuberosum, Solanum tuberosum, Tinantia erecta.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Solanaceae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Datura stramonium, Solanum demissum.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Nicotiana glutinosa — mild to severe systemic mottling.

N. tabacum — systemic vein-clearing and leaf mottling.

Solanum tuberosum — Y^C strain local lesions in cv. Duke of York (Eersteling, Y^N and Y^o strains no local lesions.

Tinantia erecta — severe systemic mottling.

Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Datura stramonium, Solanum demissum 'A'.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Chenopodium amaranticolor (L, C. quinoa (L, Physalis floridana (L, Solanum tuberosum cvs Duke of York, Saco (L, Lycium ssp. (L, Solanum chacoense (TE₁) (L), S. demissum 'Y' (L, S. demissum x S. tuberosum 'A6' (L).

References to host data: Edwardson (1974b, Horváth (1979).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in epidermis. Virions are found in the cytoplasm and cell vacuole.

Cytopathology: Inclusions are present in infected cells. Inclusion bodies in the host cell are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Nuclear inclusion bodies are crystals. Cytoplasmic inclusions are pinwheels (especially in epidermal tissue in the cytoplasm (Christie and Edwardson, 1977)). Other cellular changes include mitochondria often being surrounded by filaments with a diameter of 9-10 nm but of indeterminate length (Borges and David Ferreira, 1968) when infected with strain Y^N in Datura metel.

Geographical Distribution

The virus is probably distributed worldwide (in potato growing areas and in outdoor crops of pepper, tobacco and tomato in warmer countries.

Y^o strains are spread worldwide; Y^N strains occur in Europe including the U.S.S.R., parts of Africa and South America; Y^C strains including potato virus C, are probably present in Australia, India and in some parts of the U.K. and continental Europe).

Ecology, Epidemiology and Control

Studies reported by Bartels (1970), in certification schemes. In temperate areas, perennials rarely act as virus reservoirs in nature. Potato plants as " ground-keepers" are a reservoir host (Thresh, 1980). In tropical and subtropical areas, weeds such as Solanum atropurpureum (Chagas et al., 1977) and other Solanum ssp. (Edwardson, 1974a) may act as important virus sources.

Use of insecticides to control virus spread through vectors have been ineffective. The main control methods are (1) avoidance of infection, i.e. growing crops when vectors are absent or numbers are low; (2) not growing crops near established crops of the same species; (3) destroying haulms of seed-potato crops before maturity to restrict virus spread at the end of the growing season; (4) spraying with mineral oils to reduce frequency of transmission (Bradley, Moore and Pond, 1966; Vanderveken, 1977, (5) breeding for resistance, if sources of durable resistance can be obtained; (6) use of reflective surface and sticky yellow sheets which can reduce virus spread (Loebenstein and Raccah, 1980).

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Potato C virus, tobacco veinal necrosis virus potato virus Y^o group (common strain), potato virus Y^N group (tobacco veinal necrosis strain), potato virus Y^C group (stipple streak strain, including potato virus C).

References

Bartels, R. (1964). Phytopath. Z. 49: 257.

Bartels, R. (1970). Potato Res. 13: 119.

Beemster, AB.R. and Rozendaal, A (1972). In: Viruses of Potatoes and Seed-Potato Production, p. 115; ed. J.A. de Bokx, Wageningen, PUDOC.

Borges, M. and David-Ferreira, J.F. (1968). Revta Biol., Lisbon 6: 421.

Bradley, RHE., Moore, CA and Pond, D.D. (1966). Nature, Lond. 209: 1370.

Brunt, A.A., Kenten, R.H. and Phillips, S. (1978). Ann. appl. Biol. 88: 115.

Chagas, C.M., Vincente, M., Alba, AP.C. and July, J.R. (1977). Phytopath. Z. 90: 147.

Cockerham, G. (1958). Proc. 3rd Conf. Potato Virus Diseases, Lisse-Wageningen, p. 199.

Christie, R.G. and Edwardson, J.R. (1977). Fla Agric. Exp. Stn Monog. No. 9, 150 pp.

Damirdagh, I.S. and Shepherd, R.J. (1970). Phytopathology 60: 132.

de Bokx, J.A. (1981). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 242, 6 pp.

de Bokx, J.A. and Pirone, P.G.M. (1978). Abstr. 7th Trienn. Conf. Eur. Ass. Potato Res., p. 244.

Delgado-Sanchez, S. and Grogan, R.G. (1966). Phytopathology 56: 1397.

Delgado-Sanchez, S. and Grogan, R.G. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 37, 4 pp.

Edwardson, J.R. (1974a). Fla Agric. Exp. Stn Monog. No. 4, 398 pp.

Edwardson, J.R. (1974b). Fla Agric. Exp. Stn Monog. No. 5, p. 95.

Fang, H.S., Nell, HH and Chou, T.G. (1985). Bull. Tobacco Res. Inst. Taiwan Tobacco and Wine Monopoly Bureau.

Govier, D.A. and Kassanis, B. (1974). Virology 61: 420.

Gugerli, P. and Gehringer, W. (1980). Potato Res. 23: 353.

Hiebert, E. and McDonald, JG (1973). Virology 56: 349.

Hinostroza-Orihuela, AM. (1975). Virology 67: 276.

Horváth , J. (1979). Acta phytopath. Acad. Sci. hung. 14: 157.

Huttinga, H. (1973). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 79: 125.

Huttinga, H. (1975). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 81: 58.

Huttinga, H. and Mosch, W.H.M. (1975). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 80: 19.

Kennedy, J.S., Day, M.F. and Eastop, V.F. (1962). A Conspectus of Aphids as Vectors of Plant Viruses, 114 pp. Comm. Inst. Ent., London.

Kitajima, E.W., Camargo, I.J.B. and Costa, AS. (1968). J. Electr. Microsc. 17: 144.

Leiser, RM and Richter, J. (1979). Arch. Phytopath. PflSchutz. 14: 337.

Loebenstein, G. and Raccah, B. (1980). Phytoparasitica 8: 221.

Makkouk, K.M. and Gumpf, D.J. (1974). Phytopathology 64: 1115.

Makkouk, K.M. and Gumpf, D.J. (1975). Virology 63: 336.

McDonald, JG, Beveridge, TJ and Bancroft, J.B. (1976). Virology 69: 327.

Moghal, SM and Francki, RIB. (1976). Virology 73: 350.

Purcifull, D.E. (1976). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 161, 4 pp.

Purcifull, D.E. and Batchelor, DL (1977). Bull. Fla agric. Exp. Stn 788: 39 pp.

Purcifull, D.E. and Gooding, G.V. (1970). Phytopathology 60: 1036.

Purcifull, D.E., Hiebert, E. and McDonald, JG (1973). Virology 55: 275.

Rubio-Huertos, M. (1972). In: Principles and Techniques in Plant Virology, 300 pp; ed. C.J. Kado and H.O. Agrawal. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.

Sastry, K.S. (1982). Curr. Sci. 51: 568.

Smith, K.M. (1931). Proc. R. Soc. B 109: 251.

Stace-Smith, R. and Tremaine, J.H. (1970). Phytopathology 60: 1785.

Thresh, J.M. (1980). Appl. Biol. 5: 1.

Vanderveken, J. (1977). In: Aphids as Virus Vectors, 559 pp; ed. K.F. Harris and K. Maramorosch. Academic Press, New York.

Van Hoof, H.A. (1980). Neth. J. Pl. Path. 86: 159.

Varma, A (1988). In: The Plant Viruses Vol. 4, The Filamentous Plant Viruses, p. 371; ed. R.G. Milne. Plenum Press, New York.

Varma, A, Gibbs, AJ., Woods, R.D. and Finch, JT (1968). J. gen. Virol. 2: 107.

The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 652 by C. Büchen-Osmond, 1987.

A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 242.

Images

Taxon images: • EM from IACR Rothamsted.

The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

Developer of the DELTA software: M. J. Dallwitz, T. Paine and E. Zurcher

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