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00.017.0.01.004. Beet yellows virus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.017.0.01.004. Beet yellows virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: Belgium.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Beta vulgaris.

Natural host and symptoms
Beta vulgaris — vein clearing, then leaves become thick, brittle, yellow with necrotic spots.

Reference to Isolation Report
Roland (1936).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.017.0.01.004. Virus accession number: 17001004. Obsolete virus code: 17.0.1.0.003; superceded accession number: 17010003.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12161.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): sugarbeet yellows virus. ICTV approved acronym: BYV. Virus is an ICTV approved species. Virus is of the genus 00.017.0.01. Closterovirus in the family 00.017. Closteroviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid/nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry. The capsid is filamentous, flexuous with a length of 1250 nm and a width of 10 nm. Axial canal is indistinct. Basic helix is obvious. Pitch of helix is 3-3.4 nm.

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Reference for electron microscopic methods: Kassanis et al. (1977, Karasev et al. (1989).

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

Virions have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.34 g cm-3 (fixed). There are 2 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is of the fastest 110 S20w; of the other(s) are 80-90 S20w. A260/A280 ratio is 1.44-1.54. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 55°C. The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 1 days. Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 4. The infectivity is retained when deproteinized with phenol or detergent.

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes 5% of the virion by weight. The genome is monopartite, only one particle size is recovered of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are not found in virions. The complete genome is 14500 nucleotides long, is fully sequenced, complete sequence is 14500 nucleotides long. Sequence has the accession number

[M59452] Em(40)_vi:BYVVCPG Gb(84)_vi:BYVVCPG Beet yellows virus coat protein gene, complete cds, and two ORFs. 8/91 2,724bp.
[X53462] Em(40)_vi:CLBYV3PH Gb(84)_vi:CLBYV3PH Beet yellows virus genome 3'-proximal half, for capsid protein HSP70 related protein, RNA-dep

[X73475] Em(40)_vi:BYVMBPA Gb(84)_vi:BYVMBPA Beet yellows virus (isolate German BYV-G) genes for putative membrane-binding protein, heat s
[X73476] Em(40)_vi:BYVUAA Gb(84)_vi:BYVUAA Beet yellows virus (isolate Ukrainian BYV-U) complete genome. 2/94 15,480bp. 4 sequences.

The genome has a base ratio of 23.4 % guanine; 26.3 % adenine; 21 % cytosine; 29.3 % uracil. The 5'-end of the genome has a methylated nucleotide cap. Reference to nucleotide sequence Karasev: 3'-terminal half (6746 nt). EMBL AC. No. X53462; isolation method by Karasev: two phenol/SDS extractions.

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s).

Structural Proteins: Reference to method of preparation: Carpenter et al. (1977).

Reference to amino acid sequence or composition Carpenter et al. (1977).

Lipids

Lipids are not reported.

Genome Organization and Replication

By itself, genomic nucleic acid is infectious.

Transcription: Sub-genomic RNA is present in infected cells. The genome expression is based on RNA production which can be analyzed by the dsRNA patterns found in the infected tissues. Usually there are 6 virus specified dsRNA species found in infected cells (at least, including genome-size dsRNA). Size of largest virus specified dsRNA 14.5 kbp. 2nd largest 6.3 kbp. 3rd largest 4.8 kbp. 4th largest 2.7 kbp. 5th largest 1.6 kbp. 6th largest 1 kbp.

Replication cycle Features: the genome has incomplete ORF 1 (nt 3-656) encodes putative polymerase (219 AA). ORF 2 (nt 710-871) encodes 6.4kDa protein (AA 1-54). ORF 3 (nt 874-2667) encodes 65kDa homologue of HSP70 heat shock proteins (AA 1-598). ORF 4 (nt 2576-4234) encodes 64kDa protein (AA1-553). ORF 5 (nt 4185-4832) encodes 24kDa protein, a diverged copy of capsid protein (AA 1-216). ORF 6 (nt 4906-5517) encodes 22.3kDa capsid protein (AA 1-204). ORF 7 (nt 5517-6056) encodes 20kDa protein (AA 1-180). ORF 8 (nt 6034-6564) encodes 21kDa protein (AA 1-177).

Antigenicity

Its 6.4kDaprotein is apparently related to 12kDa proteins of potex and carlaviruses. The putative polymerase is related to polymerases of tricornaviruses (bromo and viruses). Its capsid protein is a member of monophyletic family of capsid proteins encoded by filamentous plant viruses, and its 65kDaprotein is a direct homologue of cell HSP70 heat shock proteins.

Diagnostics and Reference Collections

The best tests for diagnosis are ELISA using polyclonal antiserum to beet yellows virus is routinely used to identify the virus and distinguish it from beet mild yellowing virus which often occurs with it in sugar beet crops.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

General Symptoms in Plants Symptoms yellowing and premature senescence of older leaves.

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms persist.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation (with difficulty, transmitted by grafting; not transmitted by contact between hosts; not transmitted by seeds; not transmitted by pollen.

Vector Transmission:
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae. Virus is not transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi, Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae. Virus is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner; lost by the vector when it moults; does not replicate in the vector; not transmitted congenitally to the progeny of the vector.

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in several families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Portulacaceae, Solanaceae, Tetragoniaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Atriplex hortensis, Beta vulgaris, Celosia cristata, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chenopodium capitatum, Chenopodium foliosum, Chenopodium hybridum, Chenopodium quinoa, Lactuca sativa, Montia perfoliata, Nicotiana clevelandii, Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria media, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Trifolium hybridum.

Host:
Experimentally infected hosts mainly show symptoms of yellowing or reddening, necrotic spots.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Compositae, Cruciferae, or Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Plantaginaceae, Solanaceae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Brassica campestris, Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis, Brassica campestris ssp. napus, Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis, Brassica campestris ssp. rapa, Brassica juncea, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Hyoscyamus niger, Lactuca sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, Petunia x hybrida, Pisum sativum, Plantago lanceolata, Raphanus sativus, Senecio vulgaris, Sinapis alba, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus oleraceus, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium subterraneum, Vicia faba, Zinnia elegans.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Tetragonia tetragonioides — stunting, vein clearing, yellowing.

Montia perfoliata — necrotic spots, reddening and yellowing of older leaves.

Beta vulgaris — vein clearing then yellowing, thickening and brittleness of leaves; necrotic spots.

Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria media — yellowing. Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Brassica ssp., Lactuca sativa, Pisum sativum, Nicotiana tabacum, Plantago lanceolata.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Montia perfoliata, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Beta vulgaris.

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Beta vulgaris (L and W), Montia perfoliata (L and W), Chenopodium foliosum (L and W), C. quinoa (L).

References to host data: Russell (1965).

Histopathology: Virus can be best detected in leaves, roots, mesophyll, vascular parenchyma, phloem, companion cells and all parts of the host plant.

Cytopathology: Inclusions are present in infected cells. Inclusion bodies in the host cell are found in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic inclusions are crystals. Inclusions contain mature virions.

Geographical Distribution

The virus is probably distributed worldwide (wherever Beta vulgaris is grown). The virus occurs in China.

Ecology, Epidemiology and Control

Studies reported by Hull (1968, Harrington et al. (1989).

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Strains of differing pathogenicity are known to exist.

References

Agranovsky, AA, Boyko, V.P., Karasev, AV., Lunina, N.A., Koonin, E.V. and Dolja, V.V. (1991). J. gen. Virol. 72: 15.

Agranovsky, AA, Boyko, V.P., Karasev, AV., Koonin, E.V. and Dolja, V.V. (1991). J. mol. Biol. 217: 603.

Bar-Joseph, M. and Hull, R. (1974). Virology 62: 552.

Carpenter, J.M., Kassasnis, B and White, R.F. (1977). Virology 77: 101.

Dolja, V.V., Karasev, AV. and Agranovsky, AA (1990). In: New Aspects of Positive-Strand RNA Viruses, Amer. Soc. Micro., Washington D.C., U.S.A., p. 31.

Esau, K. (1960). Virology 11: 317.

Harrington, R., Dewar, AM. and George, B (1989). Ann. appl. Biol. 114: 459.

Heathcote, GD (1988). In: Virus Yellows Monograph IIRB Pests and Diseases Study Group, Rue Montoyer 47, B-1040, Brussels, Belgium.

Hull, R. (1968). Pl. Path. 17: 1.

Karasev, AV., Agranovsky, AA, Rogov, V.V., Miroschnichenko, N.A., Dolja, V.V. and Atabekov, JG (1989). J. gen. Virol. 70: 241.

Kassanis, B, Carpenter, J.M., White, R.F. and Woods, R.D. (1977). Virology 77: 95.

Russell, G.E. (1965). Ann. appl. Biol. 55: 245.

The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 93 by H. Smith and A Karasev, 1991.

A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 377.

Images

Taxon images: • Sugar beet field near Rothamsted infected with Beet yellows virus and Beet western yellows virus.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

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Last updated on 25 April 2006 by Cornelia Büchen-Osmond
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