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00.010.0.02.003. Apple mosaic virus

Cite this publication as: ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.010.0.02.003. Apple mosaic virus. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

Cite this site as: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Table of Contents

Isolate Description

Location: the United States of America.

Host of Isolate and Habitat Details
Source of isolate: Rosa ssp. and Malus domestica.

Natural host and symptoms
Malus domestica and Malus ssp. — mosaic.

Rosaceae (many species) — necrotic ringspots.

Humulus ssp. — mottling.

Reference to Isolation Report
White (1928) and Bradford and Joley (1933).

Classification

This is a description of a plant virus at the species level with data on all virus properties from morphology to genome, replication, antigenicity and biological properties.

ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.010.0.02.003. Virus accession number: 10002003. Obsolete virus code: 10.0.2.03.01; superceded accession number: 10020301.
NCBI Taxon Identifier NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12319.

Name, Synonyms and Lineage

Synonym(s): birch line pattern virus, birch ringspot virus, Dutch plum line pattern virus, European plum line pattern virus, hop A virus, horse chestnut yellow mosaic virus, rose mosaic virus (Thomas, 1980; 1981; 1982; 1984a and b). ICTV approved acronym: ApMV. Virus is an ICTV approved species of the genus 00.010.0.02. Ilarvirus in the family 00.010. Bromoviridae.

Virion Properties

Morphology

Virions consist of a capsid. Virus capsid is not enveloped. Capsid is round to elongated with icosahedral symmetry. The capsid is isometric and has a diameter of 25 and 29 nm (and probably a third size). Capsids appear round (and pleomorphic). The capsomer arrangement is not obvious. Virus preparations contain more than one particle component.








Electron micrograph of Apple mosaic virus, Bromoviridae by R. W. Fulton.

Electron microscopic preparation and references: Virus preparation contains few virions. Treat with 1% glutaraldehyde before negative staining.

Physicochemical and Physical Properties

There are 3 sedimenting component(s) found in purified preparations. The sedimentation coefficient is of the fastest 117 S20w; of the other(s) are 88 and 95 S20w. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) is at 54°C (in extracts stabilised with mercaptoethanol). The longevity in vitro (LIV) is 0.1-0.2 days (2-4 hours in buffered extracts, 2-5 minutes in crude sap). Although the titer is dependent on the host, the decimal exponent (DEX) of the dilution end point is usually around 3 (in stabilised 2-mercapto-ethanol sap diluted in buffer).

Nucleic Acid

The Mr of the genome constitutes 16% of the virion by weight (all components). The genome is segmented; tripartite, segements are distribute among 3 particle types of different size; consists of four segments of linear positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. Minor species of non-genomic nucleic acid are also found in virions. The encapsidated nucleic acid is mainly of genomic origin, but virions may also contain subgenomic RNA, that is mRNA derived from genomic RNA-3, is partially sequenced. Sequence has the accession number
[L03726] Em(40)_vi:AMQCOATPA Gb(84)_vi:AMQCOATPA Apple mosaic virus coat protein mRNA, complete cds. 11/92 944bp.

[U03857] Em(40)_vi:AM03857 Gb(84)_vi:AMU03857 Apple mosaic virus PV 32 putative coat protein mRNA, complete cds. 6/94 891bp.

[U15608] Em(43)_vi:Am15608 Gb(89)_vi:Amu15608 Apple mosaic virus RNA-3 putative cell-to-cell movement protein gene and coat protein gene.

RNA-4 is subgenomic. Subgenomic RNA-4 is an mRNA derived from RNA-3 negative strand template. The multipartite genome is divided among more than one type of particle and the segments are distributed between 3 different types of particles. The largest particles contain each one molecule of RNA-1 (sedimenting component B). The medium sized particles contain each one molecule of RNA-2 (sedimenting component M). The smallest particles contain one molecule each of RNA-3 and RNA-4 (sedimenting component T). Reference to nucleotide sequence Gonsalves and Fulton (1977).

GenBank records for nucleotide sequences; complete genome sequences.

Proteins

Proteins constitute about 84% of the particle weight.

The viral genome encodes structural proteins and non-structural proteins. Virions consist of 1 structural protein(s) located in the capsid.

Structural Proteins: Capsid protein is involved in viral encapsidation and involved in protein movement.

Reference to method of preparation: Gonsalves and Fulton (1977).

Lipids

Lipids are absent.

Genome Organization and Replication

By itself, genomic nucleic acid is not infectious (coat protein, a successful infection by the virus requires the coat protein specifically associated with RNA 3'-terminal sequences for replicase recognition.

Transcription: Sub-genomic RNA is present in infected cells; encoding the coat protein.

Antigenicity

The virus is serologically related to Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, but distantly. The virus does not show serological relationships to tobacco streak, Tulare apple mosaic, prune dwarf, citrus variegation, citrus leaf rugose, Asparagus 2 and elm mottle viruses.

Biological Properties

Natural Host

Domain
Viral hosts belong to the Domain Eucarya.

Domain Eucarya
Kingdom Plantae.

Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae).

Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)
Subclass ROSIDAE; Order Rosales.

Severity and Occurrence of Disease

Host: Signs and symptoms persist.

Transmission and Vector Relationships

Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting (of roots, possibly not transmitted by seeds; but probably transmitted by pollen to the pollinated plant.

Experimental Hosts and Symptoms

Under experimental conditions susceptibility to infection by virus is found in many families. Susceptible host species are found in the Family Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Cannabidaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Polemoniaceae (1 /1), Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Tropaeolaceae. The following species were susceptible to experimental virus infection: Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus tricolor, Cassia occidentalis, Catharanthus roseus, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium quinoa, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Fragaria vesca, Gomphrena globosa, Humulus, Hyoscyamus niger, Ipomoea nil, Malus domestica, Melilotus albus, Momordica balsamina, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana debneyi, Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana megalosiphon, Nicotiana rustica, Phaseolus vulgaris (some isolates), Phlox drummondii, Ricinus communis, Rosa, or Rosaceae, Teramnus uncinatus, Torenia fournieri, Tropaeolum majus, Vigna unguiculata.

Host:
Experimentally infected hosts mainly show symptoms of necrotic and chlorotic local lesions, systemic mottles, mosaics and ringspots.

Experimentally infected insusceptible Hosts: Families containing insusceptible hosts: Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Solanaceae. Species inoculated with virus that do not show signs of susceptibility: Beta vulgaris, Cucurbita pepo, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Datura stramonium, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana tabacum, Sesbania exaltata.

Diagnostic Hosts

Diagnostic host species and symptoms:

Amaranthus tricolor, Teramnus uncinatus — small brown local lesions.

Catharanthus roseus, Vigna unguiculata — systemic chlorotic lines and rings.

Chenopodium quinoa — mottling.

Crotalaria juncea — veinal necrosis.

Cucumis sativus — chlorotic local lesions, systemic chlorosis, stunting.

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba — necrotic local lesions.

Torenia fournieri — bright yellow mosaic. Diagnostic host: insusceptible host species Beta vulgaris, Datura stramonium, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, Nicotiana tabacum.

Maintenance and Propagation Hosts

Most commonly used maintenance and propagation host species are Catharanthus roseus, Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus vulgaris (only certain isolates), Vigna unguiculata (only certain isolates).

Assay Hosts

Host: Assay hosts (for Local lesions or Whole plants):
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L), Cucumis sativus, (W).

References to host data: Fulton (1952, Kristensen and Thomson (1963, Posnette and Ellenberger (1963).

Geographical Distribution

The virus is probably distributed worldwide.

List of Strains and Isolates in the Species

Mild apple mosaic virus, severe apple mosaic virus.

References

Baur, F. (1907). Ber. dt. Bot. Ges. 25: 410.

Bradford, F.C. and Joley, L. (1933). J agric. Res. 46: 901.

Callaghan, K.L. (1962). Rep. Forest Ent. Path. Branch, Canada Dep. Forestry 1962, p. 42.

de Sequeira, O.A. (1967). Virology 31: 314.

Fulton, R.W. (1952). Phytopathology 42: 413.

Fulton, R.W. (1967). Phytopathology 57: 1197.

Fulton, R.W. (1968). Phytopathology 58: 635.

Fulton, R.W. (1972). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 83, 4 pp.

Gilmer, RM (1956). Phytopathology 46: 127.

Gonsalves, D. and Fulton, R.W. (1977). Virology 81: 398.

Gotlieb, AR. and Berbee, JG (1973). Phytopathology 63: 1470.

Kristensen, HR and Thomsen, A (1963). Phytopathol. Medit. 2: 97.

Posnette, AF and Ellenberger, C.E. (1963). Ann. appl. Biol. 45: 74.

Schmelzer, K. (1968). In: Pflanzliche Virologie. Vol. 2, part 2, p. 281; Ed M. Klinkowski, Acad. Verlag, Berlin.

Thomas, B.J.(1980). Ann. appl. Biol. 94: 91.

Thomas, B.J. (1981). Ann. appl. Biol. 98: 419.

Thomas, B.J. (1982). Ann. appl. Biol. 100: 129.

Thomas, B.J. (1984). Ann. appl. Biol. 105: 213.

Thomas, B.J. (1984). Pl. Path. 33: 155.

White, R.P. (1928). Pl. Dis. Reptr. 12: 33. The following generic references are cited in the most recent ICTV Report.

PubMed References.

VIDEdB, the plant virus database developed at the Australian National University by Adrian J. Gibbs and collaborators, contains an earlier description with the number 24 by R.W. Fulton, 1985. A description of the virus is found in DPV, a database for plant viruses developed by the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB), with the number 83.



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DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by, or using data from experts in the field of virology or members ICTV. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web from the descriptions in DELTA-format. The description has been generated automatically from DELTA files. DELTA - DEscription Language for TAxonomy developed by Dr Mike Dallwitz, Toni Paine and Eric Zurcher, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, Australia.

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, developed for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) by Dr Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, is written in DELTA. The virus descriptions in ICTVdB are coded by ICTV members and experts, or by the ICTVdB Management using data provided by the experts, the literature or the latest ICTV Report. The character list is the underlying code. All virus descriptions are based on the character list and natural language translations from the encoded descriptions are automatically generated and formatted for display on the Web.

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